Fertility Preservation Benefit Mandates: A Toolkit to Improve Effectiveness for Legislators, Insurance Regulators, Health Insurance Plans, Oncology and Fertility Clinics, Advocacy Organizations, Patients and Researchers
Fertility preservation (FP) is the process of preserving reproductive cells (e.g., sperm, eggs (oocytes), reproductive tissue) to protect them from being harmed and/or destroyed by medical intervention (e.g., cancer treatment). FP services are expensive and not typically covered by health insurance. Starting in 2017, state legislatures began to require state-regulated health insurance plans to cover FP services, yet challenges to accessing these benefits have been reported. This Toolkit outlines specific strategies and recommendations for improving the implementation of FP benefit mandates among key partners, including legislators in states with and without mandates, state health insurance regulators, health insurance plans, oncology and fertility clinics, advocacy organizations, patients, researchers and funders.
On the tabs to the left, please select the group(s) relevant to you to access specific recommendations and toolkits. You can download the Overall Toolkit that includes information for all groups by clicking the button below. You can view talks from our 2025 Improving Equitable Access to Mandated Fertility Preservation Coverage in California: A Symposium above in the Symposium 2025 menu item. For further inquiries, please email AYAstudy@health.ucsd.edu or use the Contact Us page.
Toolkits Suggested Citation: Yoeun SW, McMenamin SB, Flores Ortega R, Romero S, Cuevas S, Khin T, Bisarya N, Economou M, Chacón K, Palmer N, Granger L, Kaiser B, Crable E, Aarons G, Reineke J, Su HI. (2025). Fertility Preservation Benefit Mandates: A Toolkit to Improve Effectiveness for Legislators, Insurance Regulators, Health Insurance Plans, Oncology and Fertility Clinics, Advocacy Organizations, Patients and Researchers. San Diego, CA: University of California, San Diego and Alliance for Fertility Preservation.
Made possible by funds received from the National Cancer Institute at the National Institutes of Health, grant award #R21CA256578 and the California Breast Cancer Research Program, grant award #B30PIFP8715.
Fertility Preservation Benefit Mandates: A Toolkit to Improve Effectiveness for Legislators
This Legislator Toolkit outlines specific strategies and recommendations for improving the implementation of FP benefit mandates among key partners, including legislators in states with and without mandates.
Key Recommendations for Legislators
- Require coverage of comprehensive FP services
- Prohibit the use of prior authorization for FP services
- Coverage and cost-sharing for FP benefits should be required to be at parity with other specialty services
- Design or expand fertility preservation benefit mandates to include publicly insured people
- Legislation should allocate resources for regulators to enforce FP benefit mandate compliance by health insurers
This toolkit also includes specific materials that can be used to improve access to FP benefits:
- Background on Fertility Preservation
- Overview of State Fertility Preservation Benefit Mandates
- Methodology for Development of Toolkit Recommendations
- Recommendations for Legislators
- Heterogeneity of Health Insurance Coverage Requirements
- The Difference Between Fertility Preservation and Infertility Services
Fertility Preservation Benefit Mandates: A Toolkit to Improve Effectiveness for Insurance Regulators
This Insurance Regulator Toolkit outlines specific strategies and recommendations for improving the implementation of FP benefit mandates among key partners, including state health insurance regulators.
Key Recommendations for State Health Insurance Regulators
- Craft and disseminate specific guidance to improve health plan implementation
- Require insurers to provide specific benefit coverage details online
- Treat appeals from consumers in an urgent manner
- Monitor and audit health plan contracts for compliant benefit coverage
- Provide educational and/or training opportunities across multiple levels
This toolkit also includes specific materials that can be used to improve access to FP benefits:
- Background on Fertility Preservation
- Overview of State Fertility Preservation Benefit Mandates
- Methodology for Development of Toolkit Recommendations
- Recommendations for Improving State Fertility Preservation Benefit Mandate Implementation Among Insurance Regulators
- Common CPT Codes for Insurance
Fertility Preservation Benefit Mandates: A Toolkit to Improve Effectiveness for Health Insurance Plans
This Insurer Toolkit outlines specific strategies and recommendations for improving the implementation of FP benefit mandates among key partners, including health insurance plans.
Key Recommendations for Health Insurance Plans
- Cover comprehensive FP services
- Ensure FP service coverage is at parity with other specialty services
- Remove prior authorization
- Configure FP benefits separate from infertility benefits
- Facilitate benefit verification through easily accessible benefits information
- Educate member and provider services teams on FP benefits
- Ensure network adequacy
- Provide on-line up-to-date list of FP providers
- Automatically make insurance plan call transcripts available to members
This toolkit also includes specific materials that can be used to improve access to FP benefits:
- Background on Fertility Preservation
- Overview of State Fertility Preservation Benefit Mandates
- Methodology for Development of Toolkit Recommendations
- Recommendations for Health Insurance Plans
- Handout on the difference between FP versus infertility services
- Common CPT codes for FP services
Fertility Preservation Benefit Mandates: A Toolkit to Improve Effectiveness for Oncology and Fertility Clinics
This Clinic Toolkit outlines specific strategies and recommendations for improving the implementation of FP benefit mandates among oncology and fertility clinics.
Key Recommendations for Oncology and Fertility Clinics
- Stay up to date on FP clinical guidelines
- Learn about your state’s law/s on FP insurance coverage
- Contract with health insurance plans
- Support financial counseling and navigation
- Fertility and oncology clinics should facilitate FP care among clinics
- Monitor implementation of financial processes that facilitate FP access
This toolkit also includes specific materials that can be used to improve access to FP benefits:
- Background on Fertility Preservation
- Recommendations for Oncology and Fertility Clinics
- Overview of State Fertility Preservation Benefit Mandates
- Philanthropic Resources
Fertility Preservation Benefit Mandates: A Toolkit to Improve Effectiveness for Advocacy Organizations
This Advocate Toolkit outlines specific strategies and recommendations for improving the implementation of FP benefit mandates among key partners, including advocacy organizations.
Key Recommendations for Advocacy Organizations
- Call for and/or create an external FP financial navigation resource that smaller clinics/clinic systems could use for their patients.
- Call for and/or offer a continuing medical education (CME) module on FP options
- Capture and disseminate patient stories to drive coverage for FP services
- Identify channels and/or create mechanisms for disseminating the patient toolkit and measuring its effectiveness
- Create a template letter and instructions for patients to notify their employer about the need for medically indicated FP coverage and challenges in accessing FP insurance benefits.
This toolkit also includes specific materials that can be used to improve access to FP benefits:
- Background on Fertility Preservation
- Overview of State Fertility Preservation Benefit Mandates
- Methodology for Development of Toolkit Recommendations
- Recommendations for Advocacy Organizations
Fertility Preservation Benefit Mandates: A Toolkit to Improve Effectiveness for Patients
This Patient Toolkit outlines specific strategies and recommendations for improving the implementation of FP benefit mandates among patients.
Key Recommendations for Patients
- Learn health insurance basics
- Verify FP benefit coverage with health insurance plan
- Confirm FP state-level benefit mandate requirements
- Learn about the appeals process for denials of FP benefit coverage
This toolkit includes specific materials that can be used to improve access to FP benefits:
- Background on Fertility Preservation
- Overview of State Fertility Preservation Benefit Mandates
- Methodology for Development of Toolkit Recommendations
- Recommendations
Fertility Preservation Benefit Mandates: A Toolkit to Improve Effectiveness for Researchers
This Researcher Toolkit outlines research recommendations for significant gaps in knowledge that need to be addressed to improve the effectiveness of FP benefit mandates.
This document also includes specific materials that can be used to improve access to FP benefits:
- Background on Fertility Preservation
- Overview of State Fertility Preservation Benefit Mandates
- Methodology for Development of Toolkit and Research Priorities
- Research Priorities Categorized by Level Involved in Mandate Implementation
Prepared by the University of California, San Diego and Alliance for Fertility Preservation

